The Importance of Public Speaking Skills in University...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Authorisation 1 1.2 Limitations 1 1.3 Scope and Methodology 1 2.0 Outline of Public Speaking and the link to university lecturing 1 3.0 Preparation 1 3.1 Explanation of the preparation stage 1 3.2 Analyse Benefits 2 4.0 Visual aids 2 4.1 Explanation of visual aids 2 4.2 Analyse Benefits 2 5.0 Nonverbal 3 5.1 Explanation of nonverbal communication 3 5.2 Analyse Benefits 3 6.0 Challenges to incorporating preparation, visual aids and nonverbal skills in university lecturing 3 Reference List 3 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Authorisation This report is authorised by Dr Gregory Nash, COR109 Lecturer and Course Coordinator at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. The purpose of this report was to make recommendations for incorporating specific public speaking skills into university lecturing. 1.2 Limitations This report is limited to the field of university lecturing, the communication topic of public speaking and the sub topics of preparation, visual aids and nonverbal skills. 1.3 Scope and Methodology This report identifies and assesses the importance of effective presentations in the field of education and more specifically university lecturing. Public speaking is defined and the benefits and challenges of the sub-topics preparation, visual aids and nonverbal skills are systematically analysed. Peer reviewed academic sources have been used to provide verified experimental dataShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Decline Of University Attendance Rates And Assess The Factors That Positively Influence Lecture Attendance1593 Words   |  7 PagesTopic 1: Student behaviour: To attend or not to attend? I. 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Memory Processses Essay examples - 1268 Words

Memory Processes The human capacity for memory is unknown, and the process for remembering is an invisible, and therefore, an unsubstantiated concept. A discussion regarding the concepts of short-term, working, and long-term memory precedes an explanation of the encoding and retrieval in the memory processes. An evaluation of the variables associated with encoding and retrieval provides an understanding of the results from an online self-administered memory test. Although online memory assessments provide an entertaining experience, the concept of memory and the factors influencing memory are too complex to depend on such assessments and individuals questioning their memory related abilities should seek the guidance of a health†¦show more content†¦In addition, Wang, Vijayraghavan, Goldman-Rakic, (2004) further established the prefrontal cortex as the location of working memory using neuroimaging to assert the engagement of prefrontal neurons when primates conducted working memory related ta sks. Short-term memory has significant limitations in both rate of forgetting (duration) and memory span (number of items the individual can remember). Humans use short-term memory to hold pieces of information for relatively short periods. Without rehearsal, the information is quickly lost and irretrievable. In fact, without rehearsal, information is forgotten within 30 seconds, and memory span for the average person is about 7 items or a phone number without the area code (Terry, 2009). That does not mean it is impossible to retain a phone number with and area code in short-term memory. Other factors influence short-term and working memory. The speed at which the individual can pronounce and retrieve the list of items is influential in the number of items he or she can hold in short-term memory (Cowan, Wood, Wood, Keller, Nugent, Keller, 1998). Humans can also use chunking to expand their ability to retain information. For example, the individual may hold a phone number in short-term as 800-436-40-83. This use of the area code and first three digits as a single item makeShow MoreRelatedAmmonium Sulfate From Waste Water3280 Words   |  14 Pages2.1.4. Reverse Osmosis 7 2.2. Recuperation of ammonium sulfate from the concentrates 8 2.2.1. Vanishing Ponds 8 2.2.2. Precipitation strategy 8 2.2.3. Crystallization strategy 9 2.3 Winterization process 10 3.0DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDED PROCESSSES 10 3.1 Removal of ammonium sulfate processes 10 3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis Process 11 3.1.2 Ion Exchange process 12 3.2 Ammonium Sulfate Recovery - Crystallization Process 14 4. MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE: 14 4.1 Reverse Osmosis 14 4.3.1 Regeneration of

Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates Free Essays

string(50) " spectator and the Hollywood stars she discusses\." Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates Since the dawn of time, society has always had its own stars that multitudes of people look up to as idols. Today, most of the stars that people flock to are famous people within the entertainment business, most notably actors and actresses. Movie stars have been consumed by the public’s eye ever since the film industry took off in the early 1900s. We will write a custom essay sample on Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are certain movie stars that transcend time, and lately, people do whatever they can to find out as much as they can of these stars to reveal who they truly are outside of being in front of a camera. However, some critics of the Mass Culture Debates do find holes in the star system we have today. The critics feel as if the culture of these stars are becoming very standardized, which is greatly affecting the culture of people watching them. To demonstrate my point, I will be discussing how Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer oppose the arguments made about star figures in Richard Dyer’s essay, â€Å"Living Stars. † I will also explain how Dwight MacDonald takes a very similar stance against Jackie Stacy’s â€Å"Feminine Fascinations: Forms of Identification in Star-Audience Relations. Finally, I will finish off by explain how critic David Riseman seeks to mediate the Mass Culture critics’ arguments and take the side of Dyer and Stacy. If Adorno and Horkheimer were to read Richard Dyer’s â€Å"Living Stars† and dissect it, they would feel that movie stars today aren’t original in that they use a very scripted formula to attract themse lves to the masses, which is why they become popular in the first place. Throughout his essay, Dyer explains that star figures are representations, like myths, who serve to resolve many of society’s vital binary oppositions. He goes on to explain this point by saying, â€Å"The private self is further represented through a set of oppositions that stem from the division of the world into private and public spaces, a way of organizing space that in turn relates to the idea of the separability of the individual and society. † (FSR 130) His primary opposition for which he discusses stars and their relationship to the public eye is stars portraying their private selves versus their public serves. Public stars control themselves on screen, and maintain great poise and try not to display their emotions to readily, because they want to keep a ophisticated image of themselves; whereas private stars are much more intense and introverted, they aren’t afraid to express their emotions and show who they truly are behind close doors. Martin Scorsese’s film The Aviator serves to depict the private and public image of real life filmmaker and aviation pioneer Howard Hughes. To the public, Hughes becam e a larger than life star in directing Hell’s Angels and purchasing a major airline of the time. However, his mental health soon began to crumble when his Obsessive Compulsive Disorder began affecting both private and public facets of his life. Eventually, Hughes comes a point where he locks himself in his house and slips into a deep depression. As a result of Hughes manic behavior, Adorno and Horkheimer would believe that if Hughes’ private behavior were to ever leak out into the public spectrum, his image would be forever tarnished because the Howard Hughes behind closed doors is not the same man who became a superstar director. One of the primary arguments Adorno and Horkheimer have with mass culture is that they feel that culture itself is becoming too standardized based upon formulas to streamline mass reproduction. When profitable, these formulas can become reproducible, like the star system of today. â€Å"Not only are the hit songs, stars, and soap operas cyclically recurrent and rigidly invariable types, but the specific content of the entertainment itself is derived from them and only appears in change. † (FSR 9) It is as if they feel like nothing is original anymore and that everything is scripted and painted with this formula that works for the system to get the masses interested in a particular artist, song, show, movie, or in Dyer’s case, a movie star. Take for example Bette Davis, who in her films displays a very mannered style and grace under pressure. She usually plays very strong, independent, manipulative characters who have a solid surface disguised by an internal inferno. So when someone may want to see the latest Bette Davis movie, they may not like it if she plays in the style of a goodie goodie housewife just like all the typical housewives seen in such 1950s sitcoms as Father Knows Best and Leave It To Beaver. People are going to want to have her display some internal conflict she is constantly struggling with but in the end, over powers it because of her strong will and female empowerment. This same principle goes for Howard Hughes and his image. People want to see the Howard Hughes that is a public sensation, a brilliant filmmaker, a man with a taste for beautiful women. Nobody wants to see him in a depressed state locking himself in his house, because that will deter people’s images of him and less people will go out to see his movies. This plays into Adorno and Horkheimer’s idea of these formulas becoming reproducible and how this type of consumerism the individual plays can create the illusion of individual identity and authentic community. They feel like stars like David and Hughes have become statistics based on their genres they play best rather than recognized as individuals with creative freedom over their work. Just as Adorno and Horkheimer would have a problem with Richard Dyer’s essay, Dwight MacDonald has many of the same qualms with Jackie Stacey’s views of seeing movie stars as idols we should strive to be someday. In her essay, â€Å"Feminine Fascinations: Forms of Identification in Star-Audience Relations,† Stacey analyzes the relationship between the female spectator and the Hollywood stars she discusses. You read "Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates" in category "Papers" In her discussion of imitating and copying the female stars, the female spectators often try to emulate either the stars looks or personas to try and be just like them, and in turn want others to think they are just like the star. Stacey explains that, â€Å"Stars are thus identified with particular commodities which are part of the reproduction of feminine identities. The female spectators in these examples produce particular images of femininity which remind them of their favorite stars. In so doing they produce a new feminine identity, one which combines an aspect of the star with their own appearance. † (FSR 153) It seems that Stacey is pointing out that these particular stars are consumable feminine images which female spectators then reproduce through other forms of consumption. Not only do these stars try to solve the binary oppositions of private self and public self as Dyer mentions, they are meant to be consumed by an audience as role models. Both seem to agree on the fact that stars fill some voids in people’s lives. We try to see ourselves as these very public figures and emulate every facet of their lives to try and improve our lives as a whole. Dyer’s and Stacey’s arguments also share many direct correlations with David Buxton’s article, â€Å"Rock Music, The Star System, And The Rise Of Consumerism. † In it, Buxton talks about how rock stars are being consumed by youth culture everywhere in that the youth are trying to replicate the stars’ styles and attitudes. He explains that, â€Å"The presentation of the life-style of the stars as the ideal of sophisticated modern living grew as part of the American Dream. † (OR 432) This proves that the idolization of stars is not a new concept that was originally thought up of by any of these three writers. Dwight MacDonald, however, does have a problem with the standardization of this process and how our culture is heading in the wrong direction as a result of this. Dwight MacDonald wrote an essay entitled, â€Å"A Theory of Mass Culture,† in which he explains that elements of mass culture and high culture are starting to merge and become standardized. MacDonald uses the merging of Broadway and the movies as an example of this by saying, â€Å"The theatre was High Culture, mostly of the Academic variety†¦ The movies were definitely Mass Culture, mostly very bad†¦ With the sound film, Broadway and Hollywood drew closer together. Plays are now produced mainly to sell the movie rights, with many being directly financed by the film companies. (FSR 15) One specific example of this can be found in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Though the themes of Shakespeare’s story are still in the movie version, Luhrmann blends high art and folk art to make a midcult style movie by placing the setting in present day South Central Los Angeles. MacDonald fears this type of media renders people passive by the end, and is one o f the greatest threats to high culture. In MacDonald’s opinion, as our lives become inundated with midcult such as Romeo and Juliet, the reality of consumerism becomes naturalized. In essence, the heroes and heroines of masscult and midcult that MacDonald speaks of become idols of consumption, mainly movie stars. Stacey explains how female stars such as Bette Davis and Joan Crawford are meant to be consumed by the public because those are the actresses that women most frequently hear about, and want to live just like them because they are classy ladies who are real role models of how one woman should act in society. Based on MacDonald’s argument, the branding and consuming of stars oday represents a demise in our society’s high culture in that these shouldn’t be the people we should be idolizing. The real people that should be getting the praise are the people who changed our country to make life better for everyone in the end, like Thomas Edison and Benjamin Franklin. Using stars to fill the voids in our lives to solve key oppositions to MacDonald are detrimental to our high culture, which is what we really need to be praising instead all of the new media and stars that’ve become mainstream, like Jersey Shore and Teen Mom. Even though the left wing critics could have many potential problems with the star system of the past and of today, liberal sociologist David Riseman does present some points that could easily counter Adorno, Horkheimer, and MacDonald’s arguments. Riseman insists that mass culture consists of multiple forms of response by audiences. He believes everyone reacts differently to different forms of media and that no one is the same. The formulas that the left wing critics think is ultimately destroying high culture do not exist in Riseman’s opinion. Even though some people may want certain stars to stick to their formula, some may like to see those artists branch out and explore new fields. The stars that people ultimately consume and strive to become are all different for each individual. Buxton, Dyer, and Stacey don’t say that people only idolize the stars that they talk about. Riseman also argues that audiences of high art want to find their own kitsch in what they consider high culture, just like mass culture audiences want to see their own kitsch in their forms of entertainment. OR 7) He seems to think that Adorno, Horkheimer, and MacDonald have their own ideas of what high culture needs to be, which in the end, becomes something that is copied and will soon generate the same response. For anything negative that the left wing critics might say towards Dyer and Stacey’s arguments, Riseman is there to back up there arguments to prove that their theories are valid after all. It is very apparent that the issue of the Mass Culture Debates has been around for quite some time. So much so, that you can readily apply them to many different aspects of life, including the star system in Hollywood. There always have been and always will be movie stars or musicians that we enjoy and like to go see because they are good at their craft. Dyer, Stacey, and Buxton are just like every other person out there who ca truly see the effect that stars can have on society and the crazy things that people will do to try and copy their methods. Whether or not the Star System is good or detrimental to mass culture like Adorno, Horkheimer, and MacDonald seem to believe, as long as stars continue to make the industry interesting, critics will continue to discuss their methods and an on-going will last for many generations to come. Bibliography Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section One: Political Economy and Mass Culture Theory. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 9. Print. Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section One: Political Economy and Mass Culture Theory. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 15. Print. Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section Four: Star Studies. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 130. Print. Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section Four: Star Studies. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 153. Print. Frith, Simon, and Andrew Goodwin. â€Å"Part One: Groundworks. † On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word. New York: Pantheon, 1990. 7. Print. Frith, Simon, and Andrew Goodwin. â€Å"Part Seven: Reading The Stars. † On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word. New York: Pantheon, 1990. 432. Print. How to cite Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates, Papers

Starbucks Australia Market Analysis-Segmentation & Demographics

Question Find a product of two examples in your country or region, or from your own reading. the products of the companies should be mainly a service and good respectively. a) explain how the example businesses have segmented the market for its major product and what its marketing mix strategies are? b) if you were the marketing manager involved, what part of (a) would you do the same and what would you do differently? why? Answer: About Starbucks: Starbucks as well as Costa coffee both are amongst top-ranked coffee shop which also has gained vast appreciation through their aimed and targeted marketplace. They have proper aim of supplying higher quality beverage goods chiefly coffee at premium prices with the rich experience which would enhance customers knowledge in outlets. The firms also have capitalized all their positioning within market through developing the outlets which are furnished along with the premium quality furniture which would be comfortable for consumers with supporting facilities like music and facilities for internet as well as handicapped admittance so that customers are supplied a complete excellent experience in stores. These firms have also successfully made their position like best place intended for meeting people except office plus home (Hadjinicola, Charalambous and Muller, 2013). The mere way towards entering novel markets also is to execute that similar international marketing strategy which the c ompanies also have been subsequent for every of its extension plan. Thus, they must also slowly enter markets of the Trinidad Tobago for the customers to enter the area accept concept of field coffee shops as well as carry an excellent understanding in coffee shop. Starbucks as well as Costa Coffee were both initiated as a very small shop for coffee and also have totally revamped the image through growing into single coffee retailer intended for people who actually want specialty coffees. Segmentation It is procedure by which any market is actually divided into separate groups of users with dissimilar needs, wants and demands. Presently, both Starbucks and even Costa coffee in Trinidad and Tobago are utilizing psychographic segmentation and target their users on the basis of values, opinions and lifestyle as well as personal characteristics. Within extra competitive market, the firms must try to properly diversify by source of appropriate demographic segmentation within which the firms could section its market on the basis of age, education as well as occupation. Starbucks as well as Costa coffee must also try towards appealing younger generation that goes to colleges as well as universities. Additionally, couples aged amid 25-55 through children could also be a good target market for the firms where whole family could indulge within sole experience and knowledge (Kotler, 1964). These segmentation plans and strategies could also increase customer base intended for both the firms. Demographic- The firms target its market on basis of age, sex and also divides the target market according to the demography on basis of variables like age, gender and even occupation as well as education level. Like the firms tries to attract people going to schools and colleges and even working professionals who like to spend behind meeting friends at luxurious places and in relaxing ecology.As per perceived advantages which the products provide the firm segments people who demand for exotic coffee and exclusive bread products. Benefits might also be perceived in a different way depending upon a users stage within life cycle. Psychographic Segmentation- This type of segmentation is done by both the firms where they divide the market as per theLifestyle of human beings using the goods and services of the firms. The firms measure this by studying activities, interests, as well as opinions of the customers. Both the companies also consider the way in which people expend their free time as well as which outside influences they also are mainly responsive to plus influenced by. This segmentation is greatly important for these firms as it supplies products that are expensive and exclusive and also unique (Gronroos, 1994). The actual target segment of the firms can be explained as: Age: 18 to 40 years Gender: Male as well as Female Occupation: on the basis of life-stage yet majority of students and faculty members plus managers, housewife as well as business person Lifestyle: daring, Fun-loving, socializing, Value exceptional customer service, Achievers, Thinkers, Innovators plus Experienced people Income level: on the basis of life stage yet slightly upon higher range Technology: People that are technology confident come to coffee shop in order to carry on their vital work plus love to use tablets, iPad, Mac etc. Targeting Targeting indulges making proper decision related to prioritization of the segments of the market for Starbucks as well as for Costa coffee increasing their total future share of the market. These firms must also continue towards targeting with all its psychographic segmentation through help of discrimination by supplying extra value to users (Charny and Farrow, 1986). Further, the companies also use proper customized targeting towards attracting the young generation using all proper attractive childrens foods and fruit drinks as well as milkshakes. Additionally, the firms include innovative and new energy drinks to the target youth. The firms also use competitive discrimination strategies for drawing customers to them other than towards their other competitors. Positioning Positioning is related to the way in which Starbucks and also Costa coffee products actually are perceived by all of its users and customers. Starbucks products also have forever been perceived through its impressive brand image (Alpert and Gatty, 1969). And costa coffee has always been expensive brand for users. Users here like to pay any price even a premium one for quality, reliable taste, ambience as well as accessibility towards the goods and services it provides to the users. While expanding their product line by introduction of the all novel fruit drinks as well as energy drinks intended for younger generation, the firm retains their greater quality as well as is ecologically friendly, because these are the aspects which youth are particularly aware of. Additionally, offering greater quality goods at their present price variety also helps the firms to enhance sales plus also keep users satisfied with quality as well as value. Marketing Mix Product- To be proper premium product within coffee trade, the firms aim at higher standards, opening of pioneering products as well as providing outstanding service collective with memorable experience. Both the firms products and their mixes prolonged from 8 vital categories of the drink types as well as 7 food categories to maintain with momentum plus to satisfy extra customer needs and requirements. They also have been continually introducing novel products, like four fresh VIA flavored coffees and tiresome towards attracting the tea drinkers through introducing all new Tazo Tea. Recognizing the customer detailed needs the firm also introduces fatless milk to its product line. They also have many seasonal offerings like strawberry and cream Frappuccino within summer plus gingerbread latte within Christmas. Going beyond, they even offer coffee as well as cappuccino makers intended for users who also like to buy them from any stores of these two firms (Matsumura and M atsushima, n.d.). To make sure that brand richness, above and beyond bringing best ingredients as well as quality management, they declare that all firms employees are regularly involved plus aware of all its total mission as well as aims and objectives. Price Generally price plus quality recognizes the exact value of product. Both the firms have forever tried to supply higher value to its consumers through buying superiority beans, making sure that all their employees get effective as well as efficient training, plus mostly, creating the ecology to enjoy the coffee in a relaxing atmosphere. For all this, the firms customer need to pay extra; it also is expensive. To maintain competitive edge, firms also started to offer about $1 for bottomless coffee cup, that could also be replenished anytime and also 50 cents which is less than other goods of these firms. As both the firms news site says that firms are even trying to apply some other services that are value added like, introducing some "breakfast pairings," that includes breakfast goods with coffee. This is also for targeting price aware customers. In Trinidad and Tobago, by the local standards, the firms are very luxury ones. They also never liked to decrease prices for the market even when they initiated. Coffee is also not grown within China at very large scales as a minimum not Arabica beans. Thus the rates are also high and is not affordable for common people. Place Mostly the firms are involved in channels intended for direct supply which is from producer to the consumer. Along with Starbucks as well as Costa coffees line of idea all such practice also is vital and even helps to maintain a personal relation with customer. In Trinidad and Tobago, particularly the firms could be found within any locality where a potential higher traffic exists for all their outlets particularly with the Coffee bar idea. Outlets could also be seen in many large chains. The main goal of both the firms is to position themselves in extremely visible locations as well as open stores in groups. It also was ideal place intended for individuals that are active and ones who enjoy the music otherwise even search for any break within busy life (Robinson, 1988). In Trinidad and Tobago this actually was very difficult task. Although stores carried same characteristics like in US, this market was a culture focused and also had unenthusiastic reactions towards the coffee, they also had to put their outlets in extra exposed areas like Beijing, where regional people also were exposed towards foreign rudiments compared to the suburbs. Promotion Their vital strategy also was not about spending money vastly upon advertising. Instead, the firms used more and more cash upon acquiring best spots. Prior to opening of novel stores, both the companies also organized vast community measures highlighting every areas personality like Community service. Further all such data were also imprinted upon the mugs as well as t-shirts for proper promotion activities. They even established the smart partnerships along with already understood regional representatives that acted like local ambassadors towards promoting their brands. They even introduced cards of company; aiming all their appreciated customers towards promoting their goods. While purchasing a proper gift card, customer not merely showed brand loyalty, yet this even provided free promotion, attracting novel customers. Current Strategy After proper analysis of the marketing tactics it is known that Starbucks plus Costa coffee in reality are following proper differentiation strategy. Initially, vital element of the businesses actions were focused strategy along with very strong stress upon creating discriminated goods within target customer market. Moreover, the firms have realized that this also needs to reinforce its position within market through developing a delineation strategy as well as success of the firms is apparent from fact which it has urbanized an admirable marketing mix intended for all their users and consumers. For expanding their functions in global market, the firms offer same experience towards global customers through supplying them finest quality goods and aesthetically intended ambiance. They have also made sure that there exist uniformity within all of their marketing actions through using merely third party standard for supporting their goods as well as service offerings (Wang, 1997). A key rudiment of proper differentiation strategy always has been to introduce novel plus innovative products within market as well as Starbucks and even Costa coffee also have been greater than their consumers expectations through offering them goods that were completely different from obtainable ones. Recommendations The firms named Costa coffee as well as Starbucks were intending to serve new segment in Trinidad Tobago, they actually needs to make sure that they get into market through following similar strategy for all segments which they have always followed in every of their global expansion projects. While taking into consideration all marketing strategies, a proper PESTEL analysis as well as SWOT of the market needs to be done and then decisions are to be taken. The firms need to open new outlets within Trinidad Tobago. The firms also need to introduce some novel products related to beverages plus fast food substances in outlets. Starbucks and even Costa coffee should try to open new outlets in each Trinidad Tobago with intention of imprisoning 10% share of the market For successfully attaining market, marketing strategies as well as programs which need to be implemented within respective novel markets are the following: During the first year in Trinidad Tobago, firms need to organize proper promotion events through which people of locality will be then asked to call venue as well as interact with the workforce. On all the outlets, users must be provided some discount on purchase of beverages as well as on revisits. Advertisements would also be done as in forms of billboards plus posters with interleave with regional newspapers in order to attract extra customers to these outlets. References Alpert, L. and Gatty, R. (1969). Product Positioning by Behavioral Life-Styles. Journal of Marketing, 33(2), p.65. Charny, M. and Farrow, S. (1986). Risk targetting: an approach to costcontainment. Health Policy, 6(4), pp.363-372. Gronroos, C. (1994). From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing: Towards a Paradigm Shift in Marketing. Asia-Australia Marketing Journal, 2(1), pp.9-29. Hadjinicola, G., Charalambous, C. and Muller, E. (2013). Product Positioning Using a Self-Organizing Map and the Rings of Influence. Decision Sciences, 44(3), pp.431-461. Kotler, P. (1964). Marketing Mix Decisions for New Products. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(1), p.43. Matsumura, T. and Matsushima, N. (n.d.). Patent Licensing, Bargaining, and Product Positioning. SSRN Journal. Robinson, W. (1988). Marketing Mix Reactions to Entry. Marketing Science, 7(4), pp.368-385. Wang, C. (1997). Bases for International Market Segmentation. Journal of Segmentation in Marketing, 1(1), pp.5-21.

There Is No Doubt That The Death Of Francisco Franco, Dictator Of Spai

There is no doubt that the death of Francisco Franco, Dictator of Spain for thirty-nine years, was a great watershed in Spanish history. From 1939 to 1975 Francos regime controlled religion, the media, education, the working and even the private lives of Spanish citizens. His death undoubtedly paved the way for the commencement of a transition to democracy. But in order to fully analyse this transition, and the extent to which it was one of compromise, we must examine both the years following his death and the gradual evolution of Spanish society in the years preceding 1975. V?ctor M. P?rez-D?az argues that the gradual emergence of liberal democratic traditions of institutions and values in civil society preceded, and prepared the way for, the political transition of the 1970s (The Return of Civil Society, p.3). The main cause of this shift towards liberal democratic traditions originated from a decision of the regime itself. After years of being an insular society which attempted to achieve self-sufficiency, Franco, under immense pressure from the Opus Dei, opened up the Spanish borders to the international markets. He did not foresee the far-reaching consequences this move would have. Foreign capital poured into the country creating the economic miracle of the 1960s. This allowed Spain to develop industry and services and to rush through a pattern set by many countries before it. Agricultural labourers became industrial workers. The workforce as a whole became more urbanised and they enjoyed a higher standard of living. Education in both rural and urba n areas improved and agriculture was modernised. While many Spaniards immigrated to other European countries, Spain experienced a massive influx of tourists. Foreign culture and democratic ideas began influencing the people of Spain and they gradually began to adopt the liberal thinking of their European counterparts. All of this took place within the framework of a military dictatorship. That the totalitarian regime allowed this change to occur was the first compromise of the transition. It was the beginning of the decline in Francos power over society. In his final years Franco began to prepare for the inevitability of his death. He wished to ensure the survival of Fascism and named Luis Carrero Blanco as Prime Minister and the man who would guarantee continuismo. The assassination of Carrero by ETA terrorists in 1973 was undoubtedly a key factor in the emergence of Spain as a democracy. However Franco remained confident that his regime would endure. This was in part due to Juan Carlos who had taken over from Franco when he became too ill to rule the country. Franco had supervised the education of Juan Carlos as a young prince and Juan Carlos has pledged in a television ceremony to support Francos political principals. Franco could be forgiven for believing that everything was safely tied down (atado y bien atado). However, following Francos death there was widespread uncertainty as to the direction which Spanish politics would now take. The Francoist institutions remained, but it was unclear how long they would last. The government, under the control of Carlos Arias Navarro, failed in its attempts to introduce reform and Navarro resigned shortly afterwards. Adolfo Su?rez Gonz?lez then took over the reigns. Su?rez was only forty-three at the time and had worked in different capacities for the regime all his life. He seemed to stand for everything that went against the spirit of the time. A newspaper article published at the time of his nomination summed up the reaction of the public; ?Qu? error! ?Qu? inmenso error! (Los Nuevos Espa?oles, p.50) But Su?rez emerged as a politician of incredible skill and realism. He knew that if a transition were to take place, it had to be within the boundaries of Francoist legality. This is the essential compromise of the Spanish transition. Instead of attempting to make a clean break from the existing regime, Su?rez began a painstaking process of reform within the Constitution of 1936. This move was an attempt to ensure that the army would not get involved as, after many years of being seen as the guardians of the Francoist regime and its Leyes Fundamentales (Constitution), it was feared they would step in if these were threatened. In his efforts at reform, Su?rez proposed the

pop up ads essays

pop up ads essays Pop-Up Ads: Technology isnt Always a Good Thing by Jud Peterson I. Introduction.....................................................................Page 1 A. Joe Internet User and Pop-Ups..............................Page 1 B. Some Companies Cant Live With em.....................Page 2 C. Some Companies Cant Live Without em ................Page 3 III. Conclusion....................................................................Page 4 D. References............................................................Page 6 As more and more companies go online these days, they need more and more ways to advertise their products and services. The most popular method, unfortunately, is the use of pop-up advertising. For those of you reading who are not in the know, a pop-up ad is an advertisement that appears on the computer screen out of nowhere, mostly when the pop-up victim is surfing the internet, but sometimes they will appear when the victim is not surfing the internet at all. They appear on my computer when Im not even there, but enough of my life story. Lets get back to the issue at hand. Love them or hate them, pop-up ads are here to stay. The majority of todays internet users are doing everything in their power to stop them, but somehow pop-up ads are still an effective advertising tool, so they cannot be stopped just yet. To understand the reasoning behind this, one has to see the issues from a consumers viewpoint as well as a businessmans viewpoint. Most consumers want to do away with pop-up ads, as do many businesses. However, several businesses make the bulk of their income with pop-up ads. Assuming whoever reads this is most likely a consumer who does not like pop-up ads, I will start by discussing this viewpoint and far people will go to stop pop-up ads. I am one of these consumers that wishes pop-up ads would di...

Introduction Apple, Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction Apple, Inc - Research Paper Example was incorporated on January 3, 1977,  in  Cupertino, California (About-apple.com, 2015). In December 1980, Apple went public by launching an Initial Public Offering (IPO). The IPO was a smashing hit and raised more money than any other IPO since Ford Motor Company’s IPO in 1956. Many of Apple’s employees became instant millionaires by virtue of their stock options (Deffree, 2014). In January, 1984, Steve Jobs unveiled the Macintosh, a computer equipped with graphical user interface. A strained relationship with John Sculley, the then CEO, led to Steve Job’s resignation from Apple Computer, Inc. in 1985 (Siegel, 2011). Apple Computer, Inc. did not fare well after Jobs departure and the company nearly collapsed. It reported one of its worst financial performances in the last quarter of 1996 and the initial phase of 1997. The top management decided to bring back Steve Jobs (Hemert, 2010). Thereafter, there has been no looking back for the company. Apple Computers launched a series of immensely successful products including the iPod in 2001, iPhone in 2007 and iPad in 2010. Since the company expanded its product portfolio, Apple Computer, Inc. was renamed Apple, Inc. in January 2007 (Honan, 2007). As of today, Apple, Inc. is a well-renowned name in the world of consumer electronics, personal computers and software (Apple, 2015). Deffree, S. (2014). Apple IPO makes instant millionaires, December 12, 1980.  EDN Network. Retrieved from http://www.edn.com/electronics-blogs/edn-moments/4403276/Apple- IPO-makes-instant-millionaires--December-12--1980 Hemert, K. (2010).  25 Years Ago Today, Steve Jobs Left Apple.  Gizmodo. Retrieved 20 February 2015, from

Barnes and Nobles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Barnes and Nobles - Essay Example The mission of the company is to operate the best specialty business in America, regardless of the product they sell; a value statement of the company is that as a bookseller they are determined to be the very best in the business regardless of the size, pedigree, or inclination of their competitors (Barnesandnoblesinc, 2011). The company wants to serve its customer and become a valuable resource to them. The vision, mission, and value statements of the company will be validated in the research paper utilizing various techniques. The first step in the investigation will be thoroughly analyzing the information the company offers in its corporate website. The corporate website of a corporation is a valuable resource that provides important and relevant information for users of financial information and the other stakeholders of the company. I will research secondary sources to validate the company’s claim that the firm is the top bookseller in the world. Obtaining information re garding the market share of the company is a good way to determine how much reach and business activity a company has. To test whether the company’s customer are happy with the level of service they receive from Barnes and Nobles the use of primary research would be very useful. Two techniques that can be used to test the customer service the firm provides are questionnaires and mystery shoppers. Even though I do not work for the company which inhibits my ability to actually perform the primary research the strategic paper will include a template of the questionnaire and an action plan of how to implement the mystery shopper research. The week six strategic plan will include both internal and external environmental analysis. One of the primary sources that will be used to perform the internal analysis of the company will be the annual report of the firm. The annual report is a business report that must be filed by all public companies once year as mandated by SEC regulations. The annual report discusses the financial, operating results, and strategic path of the company. The corporate website of the firm is also a good resource to evaluate the internal environment of the company. Other secondary research will be performed on the company using the internet and other professional databases. I will search within the firm’s website to see if the firm published a corporate social responsibility report. The external environmental analysis will use various sources. One of the sources that will be used is the expertise of Team C. During week two for our team’s innovation project I suggested a company called Papyrus Australia that everybody liked. I suggested the company hoping it would be chosen because I foresaw how the product this company developed would be an excellent opportunity for Barnes and Nobles. Papyrus Australia invented a new type of paper called banana ply paper made up of the truck of banana trees. The week 2 team paper will be used as a source document to develop an alternative solution for Barnes and Nobles. I will investigate using secondary research the status of the industry in 2011. A database that might very useful for this task is the Plunkett Research database. Another technique that might be useful during week six to facilitate the external environmental analysis is benchmarking. Benchmarking allows an investigator to compare the best practices in other industries to find solutions for the company.

Healcare policy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Healcare policy - Assignment Example However, this law has been applauded for reducing cost of healthcare as it is anticipated by research conducted by different scientists (Hertel, 2011). The implementation of the law will be affect the access to healthcare in the US since it will make healthcare accessible to many people who had no access before due to cost. However, the law will lead to detriment to quality of healthcare offered to Americans since little resources will cater for a huge number of patients (Hertel, 2011). The increased number of patients seeking healthcare will lead to increased numbers of healthcare practitioners compromising nursing standards. This will create a problem for oversight bodies in maintaining quality healthcare practices (Gray, 2011). Every American has a right to access quality healthcare and this law gives an opportunity to all Americans to access quality healthcare. In my own opinion, I think there should be a law that looks into the welfare of mental patients and a law should be created to provide mandatory healthcare to these patients. A policy should be implemented to create nursing standards and practices that cater for mental p atients under a universal healthcare

Analysis Of A Leader Management Essay

Analysis Of A Leader Management Essay Isadore Sharp is the Founder of The Four Seasons Hotels Resort. Currently he is serving as the Chairman and CEO of The Four Seasons Hotels Resort. He was born in Ontario, Canada in October 8, 1931. Sharp is one of Canadas most successful businessmen. He completed his graduation in architecture from Torontos Ryerson Polytechnical Institute. After working in real states for five years, he decided to take a new direction and pondered the idea to build a hotel on his own. He was just 29 years old when he opened his first 125 room motor hotel (motel) in Toronto which was profitable and popular (Martin R, 2009). Mr. Sharp has build and managing a chain of 83 hotels that includes some of the worlds most impressive properties across 35 countries in 5 continents. Doing thing in own way Sharp has transformed the idea of service and quality of hotel industry. Mr. Sharp was not interested in following his competitors path; he developed his own management techniques and style which facilitated him to build the worlds largest chain of luxury hotels. Sharp was mainly focused on quality not the quantity. He believed in building medium sized hotel with excellent service and quality. In 2009, he authored a book name Four Seasons: The Story of a Business Philosophy, which gives an insight of the story of his successful five star Four Season Hotel chain (Morassutti W,2009). Mr. Sharp has obtained and earned so many achievements and awards in his field till now which includes Order of Canada, the second highest honor for merit and many more Lifetime Achievement Award .He is Honorary Director of Scotia bank, Clairvest Group Inc., Canadian Unity Council, Canadian Council of Christians and Jews, and Mount Sinai Hospital. Mr. sharp has given Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University of Guelph, 1992, University of Toronto, 1994 and York University, 2009 (Businessweek, 2012). Leadership makes and allows a viewpoint for what must be done, why it is important, and how it can be achieved. It is someone who is aware of current government and company circumstances, possibilities, and issues. Leadership needs therefore having the right mind-set along with the right viewpoint. Leadership is an important function of control which allows to improve performance and to accomplish company objectives. Leadership is very important in taking effort, motivating, offering support, creating assurance, creating relaxation, creating fantastic office, and co-ordination. Leadership is important in every organization at every level to improve their growth win the competitors. Organizations want leaders, who are value inspired individualities, who can control the circumstances by making the surprising happens ,develop organizations, win the employees commitment with the DNA i.e. purpose, viewpoint and ethical concepts, create better design with proper work way of life and lead the individuals towards the success of company objectives and objectives (Saxena S, 2010). Leadership is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal. Leadership is the potential to influence behavior of others. It is also defined as the capacity to influence a group towards the realization of a goal. Leaders are required to develop future visions and to motivate the organizational members to want to achieve the visions (Anonymous, 2009). According to Keith Davis, Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.(asiahotelier, 2010) Leadership and management are often considered to be the similar term. Leadership is very important in order to have effective management. Leadership focuses on building an environment in which each and every employee should be able to develop and excel. Leadership is basically influencing and driving the group efforts towards achieving the goals. A manager should have certain leadership qualities. Leaders formulate strategies that are competitive and which can give them a competitive advantage in the present as well as in the future. Therefore it is necessary for Organizations to have strong leadership and strong management for maintaining organizational efficiency (md, 2012). All the good leaders are good mangers but not all the good managers are good leader, its not necessary that an effective manger can be a good leader. Many Administrators, supervisors and executives are performing their duties and responsibilities in effective way without being a good leader. Managers follow what has been told by their leader, they think about their department where as a leaders thinks about the whole organization. Managers deals with ongoing, day to day challenges and complexities of organizations. Managing requires costing and planning and leading requires creating a mission and vision for the organization. Good leaders lead their people towards ultimate vision and help as well as motivates them in obstacles whatever come in the way (Coleman P, 2007). Good leaders are able to develop their work as a team. The first and most important function of a leader is to create and maintain that he and a pleasant working environment by needs a close look at his subordinates abilities, needs and potential capabilities. The second function of a leader is to serve as a labor representative. The head of a working group to work as a liaison and coordination between the group members and senior management. The desired condition, a leader is expected to communicate problems and complaints with their subordinates to senior management. The third function of leaders is to act as a consultant to help in the work for his people. Here are a leading company expects will accompany and advise his subordinates who face problems in terms of their performance in the workplace problem are not necessarily technical, but may also contain naturally emotional. The fourth important function leader manages time effectively (Anonymous, 2010). The function of leader is to check whether the employees are completing their work within the give time frame and also need to check if the work groups are providing quality and efficiency in their work. The fifth most important function of a leader is using his power in the right way. A leader should be a good observer. A leader should reward his subordinates so that they get motivated towards doing the job which in turn can create a positive and livelier working environment (Malhotra J, 2009). Different leaders have different leadership styles which differ in the manner and approach in which they provide direction to the people, and how they implement the plans and how they motivate the people. The three old approaches of leadership are Authoritarian or Autocratic, Participative or Democratic, Delegative or Free Reign. Leader who informs his employees about what needs to be done and how it needs to be done is an Authoritarian and Autocratic type of leader. Such a leader never takes advice and suggestions from others. This style of leadership is useful in situations when the leader has all the information and resources to solve the problem efficiently and only needs the work to be done by his employees. This style of leadership helps in saving time. This style is successful only when the employees are thoroughly motivated to do the work. A good leader knows when he needs to use this style and when not to (Cherry K, 2000). Leader who involves his employee in the process of decision making by taking their opinions and suggestions in how to do the work, uses the Participative style of leadership. Although he takes the opinions, the final decision remains with the leader and he can chose not use the suggestions if he thinks that it doesnt help the cause (Cherry K, 2000). Mr. Sharp believed that in order to achieve significant productivity gains, he needs to empower his employees to a certain extent. One of the first tasks that he did was to create a united purpose amongst his workers. Sharp knew that neither he nor anyone else could command the dedication of his employees. Leader who uses this style should not be considered a weak leader but on the contrary its a sign of strength. Using this style, a leader gains the respect of his employees. This style is used when the leader doesnt have complete information and other employees have some information which will be useful for achieving the goal. A leader s hould always employ employees who are knowledgeable and skillful as the leader is not expected to know each and everything. This style helps the leader to become a part of the team and it helps in getting towards a better decision (Lewin K., 1939). A leader who allows the decisions to be made by his employees uses the Delegative style of leadership. Although the decisions are made by the employee(s), the responsibility of the decisions rests with the leader since he is the person in-charge. This style should be used by a leader only when he can completely trust the decision making capabilities of his employees and has confidence in their knowledge and skills (U.S. Army Handbbok, 1973). Mr. Sharp believes that in order to gain the success one needs support. Mr. Sharp, the leading luxury hotelier in the world, didnt become so all by himself. In the 50 years of service in the hotel industry, he has developed a leadership style for himself which is unique and has encouraged his employees the world over to completely devote themselves for the betterment of the company in all regards. He has created a working environment which has been built on trust, credibility and integrity. This has inspired his team to work with more dedication to cater to the needs of the guests in all of his hotels across the world. Mr. Sharpe realized very quickly that this is the secret which will help him to get the best results for his company . New approaches of leadership are Transformational Leadership, Charismatic Leadership, Transactional Leadership, People Oriented Leadership. Leaders can posses all of this styles in some manner. Transformational leadership style is very inspiring. This type of leaders expects best from all employees as well as themselves which will lead to a good productivity and involvement of everyone as a team. Transformational leadership is very useful in the organization to take initiatives and add new values. Transformational leader needs support from their people or employess. This type of leaders uses other leadership styles as well depending on the situation and the people (Johnson R, 2010). Charismatic leadership style is one of the modest approaches of leaders to his employees. Charismatic leader shows enthusiasm towards his employees and motivates them to move forward. The only difference between charismatic leaders and transformational leaders is their intention. Transformational leaders wants to transform their teams and organizations where as Charismatic leaders are regularly focused on employees and do not want to change anything. The tsunami crisis in Southeast Asia in 2004 was a good example of Sharps commitment towards his team. Waves pounded the Four Seasons hotel in the Maldives and within 24 hours, all employees and guests were safely evacuated from the island. But, the damage didnt stop there. Resort went to shutdown and hundreds of employees were out of work all of a sudden. Sharp subsequently sent all his employees to other Four Seasons hotels around the world in order to keep them employed (Sharp I, 2008). Transactional leader work through such a structure in which it is clear what is to be done by his employees and what reward they will get after completion of the given task. This leadership style starts with the idea that team members agree to obey their leader when they accept a job. This leadership style clears employees roles and responsibilities (Tegborg M, 2010). In this leadership style employees are given rewards after achieving the goal and same way employees fail to achieve the given task, then they are fully responsible for the failure not the leader. This type of style focuses on short term tasks. The downside of this leadership style is that team members can do little to improve their job satisfaction. It can feel stifling, and it can lead to high staff turnover (mindtools, 2010). People-oriented leader completely focuses on organizing, supporting, and developing the people on their teams. People oriented leader treat every employee equally in a friendly and approachable manner which tends to encourage good teamwork and creative collaboration. Team members of a people oriented leader are often more productive because they know that the leader will provide support if they need it (mindtools, 2010). Same way Sharp has showed his people oriented leadership at the time recession. At that time other organization were downsizing the labor cost to recover the loss and unpressurized the situation, Sharp maximized employees value to show him commitment toward his people (Isadore Sharp, 2009).

Fate and Pessimism in Far from the Madding Crowd Essay -- Madding

Fate and Pessimism in Far from the Madding Crowd      Ã‚  Ã‚   Fate plays a major role in many of Hardy's novels; both Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Mayor of Casterbridge contain various instances where its effects are readily apparent. Moreover, Hardy's novels reflect a pessimistic view where fate, or chance, is responsible for a character's ruin. Far from the Madding Crowd is one of his earliest fiction; here, although it is much more subdued, fate and pessimism are still visible. It is shown throughout the book; Bathsheba Everdene sends a valentine to Farmer Boldwood as the result of her divination by Bible-and-key, Fanny Robin arrives at the wrong church for her wedding with Sergeant Troy, and a wave sweeps Troy out to sea so that he is assumed dead, only for him to return and be shot by Boldwood. Two of the characters, Troy and Fanny, along with her stillborn child, is left dead, and Boldwood is sent to confinement, labeled as being insane.    Nonetheless, fate and pessimism are much more subdued in Crowd than Hardy's later, grimmer works; whereas Tess is put to death, Bathsheba marries Gabriel Oak, the most obvious choice out of the three suitors. Indeed, Crowd is the happiest of Hardy's major novels. As for the more unfortunate characters, it can be said that they were not without fault, especially Troy. In short, Hardy has written a novel with a happy ending, where the protagonists are rewarded and the antagonists are punished.    At least, it would seem so. However, one must wonder if the "punishments" are truly just. And what about Fanny? It would be impossible to mark her as an antagonist. She is young and naà ¯ve, and her fate is unavoidable from the moment she falls in love with Tr... ...was possible. This optimism, balanced with traces of Hardy's early pessimism, makes Far from the Madding Crowd not a failed tragedy but "a significant novel in its own right-a kind of golden mean among the major works" (Carpenter 81).    Works Cited:    Beegel, Susan. "Male Sexuality in Far from the Madding Crowd." Thomas Hardy. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 207-226.    Carpenter, Richard. Thomas Hardy. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1964.    Flynn, Paul. "Sergeant Troy: A `Wicked Soldier Hero' in the Victorian Military." Hardy Miscellany 2 (September 16, 1998). May 12, 2000    Guerard, Albert J. "The Woman of the Novels." Hardy. Ed. Albert J. Guerard. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963.    Hardy, Thomas. Far from the Madding Crowd. New York: New American Library, Inc., 1960.

Chemistry Is Everywhere Essay

Everything you hear, see, smell, taste, and touch involves chemistry and chemicals (matter). And hearing, seeing, tasting, and touching all involve intricate series of chemical reactions and interactions in you body. With such an enormous range of topics, it is essential to know about chemistry at some level in order to understand the world around us. In more formal terms chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it can undergo. Chemists sometimes refer to matter as ‘stuff’, and indeed so it is. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Which is to say, anything you can touch or hold. Common usage might have us believe that ‘chemicals’ are just those substances in laboratories or something that is not a natural substance. Far from it, chemists believe that everything is made of chemicals. Although there are countless types of matter all around us, this complexity is composed of various combinations of some 100 chemical elements. The names of some of these elements will be familiar to almost everyone. Elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, silver, and copper are part of our everyday knowledge. Far fewer people have heard of selenium or rubidium or hassium. Nevertheless, all matter is composed of various combinations of these basic elements. The wonder of chemistry is that when these basic particles are combined, they make something new and unique. Consider the element sodium. It is a soft, silvery metal. It reacts violently with water, giving off hydrogen gas and enough heat to make the hydrogen explode. Nasty ‘stuff’. Also consider chlorine, a green gas when at room temperature. It is very caustic and choking, and is nasty enough that it was used as a horrible chemical gas weapon in the last century. So what kind of horrible mess is produced when sodium and chlorine are combined? Nothing more than sodium chloride, common table salt. Table salt does not explode in water or choke us; rather, it is a common additive for foods we eat everyday. And so it is with chemistry, understanding the basic properties of matter and learning how to predict and explain how they change when they react to form new substances is what chemistry and chemists are all about. Chemistry is not limited to beakers and laboratories. It is all around us, and the better we know chemistry, the better we know our world.

SZABO Surname Meaning and Origin

SZABO Surname Meaning and Origin Szabà ³ is a common Hungarian occupational surname meaning tailor, or one who cuts or metes out. Surname Origin:  Hungarian Alternate Surname Spellings:  SABO, ZABO Fun Fact About the Szabo Surname Up until about the 17th century, Zabo was the most common spelling of the Szabo surname. Famous People With the Surname SZABO Laszlo Szabo - Hungarian chess grandmasterViolette Szabo (nee Bushnell) - decorated WWII female spyEcaterina Szabo - Romanian Olympic gymnastZachariah Szabo - American figure skaterDezsÅ‘ Szabà ³ - Hungarian writer Where Do People With the SZABO Surname Live? According to surname distribution data from Forebears, the  Szabo surname is by far the most prevalent in Hungary, where it ranks 3rd in the nation. It is also common in Slovakia, ranking 8th, followed by Romania (139th) and Austria (212th). Data from  WorldNames PublicProfiler  also identifies Szabà ³ as most prevalent in Hungary, by far, particularly in the Pest region. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SZABO Szabo Surname ProjectLearn about the Szabo DNA Surname Project at Family Tree DNA. Szabo Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Szabo family crest or coat of arms for the Szabo surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. SZABO Family Genealogy ForumThis free message board is focused on descendants of Szabo ancestors around the world. FamilySearch - SZABO GenealogyAccess over 1.9 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Szabo surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SZABO Surname Mailing ListThis free RootsWeb mailing list for researchers of the Szabo surname and its variations includes subscription details and searchable archives of past messages. The Szabo Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Szabo from the website of Genealogy Today. References Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Henry Ford essays

Henry Ford essays When Henry Ford was born on June 30th, 1863, neither he nor anyone for that matter, knew what an important role he would take in the future of mankind. Ford saw his first car when he was 12. He and his father where riding into Detroit at the time. At that moment, he knew what he wanted to do with his life: he wanted to make a difference in the automobile industry. Throughout his life he achieved this in an extraordinary way. That is why he will always be remembered in everyones heart. Whenever you drive down the road in your car, you can thank all of it to Henry Ford. Through his life he accomplished extraordinary achievements such as going from a poor farm boy to a wealthy inventor who helped Thomas Edison. When he was a young man, he figured out how to use simple inventions, such as the light bulb. He then taught himself the design of a steamboat engine. His goal was to build a horse-less carriage. He had come up with several designs and in 1896, he produced his first car, the Mo del A. When Fords first car came out, he was interviewed by a reporter and when asked about the history of the car, he had said "History is more or less bunk." Ford worked in Thomas Edisons factory for years and the left to become an apprentice for a car-producer in Detroit. While working there, he established how he was going to make the car. He looked through hundreds of books on bicycles and books on horse and buggies. Ford decided to use wheels from a bicycle, and the same steel framing. From the horse and buggy, he took the idea of the shape of the actual frame. He also made a handlebar that was in the same place as a horse rider for a buggy. When Henry Ford opened his first automobile plant, not only did it bring much attention to the industry, but it also made people want to own a car so that they looked "cool". People knew that this was going to be a successful industry so they wanted to work in it. Even though most people think ...

A Closer Look to Higher Educational Learning in the United States Essay

A Closer Look to Higher Educational Learning in the United States - Essay Example Higher learning in its truest sense symbolizes the appreciation, interpretation, and understanding of knowledge beyond what is discernible and distinguishable by the human senses. Its forms vary in functions and have different effects in shaping the society we are budging and living right in. Also, besides those stated above, higher education allows the feeding off of utmost desire, imagination, and compassion toward the people’s psyche in order to conquer the realms of ignorance, lack of knowledge and unawareness regarding relevant issues which continuously affect present circumstances. As stated in an article by Peirce (1993) entitled What Does Society Need from Higher Education? educational learning has been considered as a primary resource which mainly supports other institutions, such as the government and the business sector, in various vital ways. Having said these facts, it could be assumed that higher form of learning addresses the necessity of providing a holistic ap proach in order to influence the mindset of the people, especially the working adult populace, and eventually exert efforts for the common good of the majority. But how could these be all possible, given that there are too many problems and conflicts involved in the formation of the correct curriculum so as to implement effective adult learning schemes and practices? If perfected, does finishing a degree program following any of these designed curricula would mean being truly educated in the end?... If perfected, does finishing a degree program following any of these designed curricula would mean being truly educated in the end? Do the universities and colleges which offer various programs and other basic courses really know what their exact functions are? Or, are they missing these functions entirely all these years? In all fairness, I believe that it is very essential to answer and tackle these questions before we could completely discuss and expound the intricate details concerning higher formal education among adult citizens. For they serve as bases of what education and being educated should be about. According to Ritt (2008), a college degree is considered by most people as a prerequisite towards a better living condition in the future. Generally, a college diploma promises and grants the bearer greener pasture, a secured career and an improved quality of existence. That is why, many dream of obtaining one; but, few have the means to get through. Meanwhile, in the same art icle wrote by Ritt (2008), U.S. only ranks tenth among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries when it comes to the percentage of young adults , aging from 25-34, having postsecondary credentials and education --- that is about 34 million people in summary having no college experience. This information is quite alarming in a way, since fast growing technologies and jobs in the market require at least postsecondary certifications. Moreover, it has been considered as apprehensive by most experts, since there have been cases of severe decrease in work productivity and professional discipline around the nation. The facts stated above constitute a big fraction of the pie which shows the meaning and the present situation of educated adult

ANALYSE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF OFSTED REPORT PROVIDED. FOR Essay

ANALYSE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF OFSTED REPORT PROVIDED. FOR EACH IDENTIFIED STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR VIEW USING Statutory Framework EYFS 2014 - Essay Example The Statutory Requirement provides that The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the benchmarks necessitating early year’s providers to adhere. Such standards ensure that children learn and develop effectively, safe and the healthy. In order to scrutinize the strength and weakness of Ofsted report, the researcher strictly employs EYFS provisions that seeks to ensure quality and consistency in all early years setting to ensure each child effectively progress and no kids lags behind. Second, a secure foundation via learning and development opportunities that are designed with the needs and interest of every individual child and whether they are regularly assessed. Thirdly, Partnership working with providers and parents as well as cares. Finally, equality of opportunity as well as anti-discriminatory practices for equal inclusion and support of every child. Analysis of the report reveals an active partnership between the providers and fathers that is in line with the provision of the Statutory Requirement. The active cooperation is essential to this organization as staff keep parents updated about their children’s progress and suggest ways in which parents can further support their children’s studies at home. According to the section one of Statutory Requirement, learning and development recognizes the active partnership with parents and practitioners as a promoter of the learning and development of all children in the care besides ensuring that they are set for school. The existing evidence on how children learn and reflect the vast range of knowledge, skills and attitudes required by children as the foundations for real future progress. The Early Years providers, therefore, ascertain that children complete the EYFS in order to grasp the future opportunities. Such active partnership help realize the seven key principles of learning and development such as communication and language, physical development, personal, social and emotional

Discuss.. The image of managers as rational and analytical planners, Essay

Discuss.. The image of managers as rational and analytical planners, decision makers and issuers of commands does not stand up - Essay Example They are the implementers of the operational strategies that have been set in the organization. The employees may be attached to the organization simply because they strive to earn a living out of it. The other members of the organizational community may be attached to the organization as their economic activity or as a source of some satisfaction. Besides, the nature of human being that deviates from the ideal situation does not allow them to operate collectively towards the achievement of common objective. There is a lot of diversity among the human resource. There is also need to plan the activities of an organization and make appropriate decisions at certain points in the organization. These require some kind of management, a way of passing information and coordinating the activities in the organization (Watson 2003, p4). The roles of the various employees need to be defined, there is need to supervise how the employees perform the tasks as a way of appraisal or dismissal, and th ere is a need to review the organizations objectives and evaluate the overall performance of the organization. There is a need to establish proper relation with the individuals that are outside the organization as well. ... The role of managers in an organization has received various scrutinies due to the ambiguity that exists in defining term itself. The operations in a given organization may not go on smoothly not because the top management consists of incompetent personnel but because the managers are not doing the right things. Watson (2001) thus describes management in three different aspects: management as a function, management as activities and management as a team of people (p.35). The kind of manager that Watson mentions includes both the middle manager and the senior manager. The roles of these managers are not specific and often change depending on the level of the hierarchy in which the manager falls. The different divisions that exist in given organization do not make it easy to tell the exact role of a manager. The managers themselves perceive the management role as that of leading a group of individuals or managing some kinds of property in an organization. It is thus difficult to identi fy a manager through the work that is performed. The roles also change with the changes that occur in the related sectors (Shelley, 2010, p.3). The way that the managers themselves view the management role has an influence on the overall performance of that manager (Stewart, 2002, p.39). The performance will also be affected by how other individuals perceive the role of the manager in the organization. The image that is mentioned here refers to the picture that is created in the minds of both the managers and the members of the community in an organization on the managerial roles. It refers to how the managers view their roles and how the employees and other stakeholders view the roles too. Some managers consider themselves as administrators and have very little to do with

Ethics Case Study Essay Example for Free

Ethics Case Study Essay Utilitarianism Utilitarianism would not qualify Tom falsifying data as unethical, as it would have the greatest benefits to the larger quantity of stakeholders whilst only bringing a limited amount of harm. This can be seen through the stakeholders who benefit from Tom gaining full-time employment such as; his parents, the child receiving the life-saving sponsorship, the charity and the government, as Tom could start paying his HECS debt. One stakeholder who would be harmed by Toms dilemma is the small accounting firm in Milton. Ultimately the risk of this actually harming the business due to his lack of experience would be minimised due to Tom being tightly supervised for the first year of work. Egoism also maintains that the agent should do whatever they ought to do if it benefits themselves. In Toms moral dilemma, if he falsifies his CV in order to achieve full time work, he is acting on the natural instinct of self promotion that egoism sees as ethical. Kantian ethics Kantian ethics maintains that there are some things that are deemed wrong in themselves, apart from their consequences. This means that Tom should regard the act of lying as wrong; regardless whether it brings about good results. Kants categorical imperative states I should never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal good† (Kant, 1996). In universalising a law that is not in relation to specific circumstances, it allows moral issues to be solved by pure rationality. When applying Toms situation to Kants universalisation theory, a maxim for Toms situation could be â€Å"one should falsify data if it benefits them†. This could not be accepted as a law universally as falsifying data could not be consistent, as eventually all data would be deemed tainted and therefore unusable, leading to the act of giving information to its own demise. If it  were ethical for Tom to falsify data, Tom would have to accept that it would therefore be ethical for everyone to do so. If everyone was free to fake data, universal lying would weaken trust in communication. Kant also states â€Å"act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply means† (Kant, 1996). If Tom falsified his CV, it would result in disrespect as the owners of the accounting firm are basing crucial business decisions on inaccurate data, which is unethical. Virtue ethics Applying virtue ethics is based on evaluating how virtuous Tom is, not just the actions or consequences of his moral situation. A virtue that can be applied from Aristotles Doctrine of the Mean is ‘indifference’ meaning good deeds are done for their own sake and not for personal recognition. The two vices of indifference are false modesty (deficiency) and careerist (excess). Assuming Tom decided to fake his CV he would display characteristics in the vice of excess meaning he is a careerist and would not be classified as virtuous, and therefore unethical. Ranking of Ethical Theories 1. Utilitarianism/Egoism Utilitarianism is in line with many fundamental morals that society intends for us to adopt. For example, two fundamental ethical principles are that we must avoid doing harm to others and aim to do good. When I consider certain actions or decisions, I usually evaluate them in terms of their consequences. Although it disregards the ethical element of an action, it looks at the benefits it can cause in solving my moral dilemmas. Egoism also  usually takes part in most of my moral decision making. I usually base many of my decisions on the consequences I can achieve, therefore find this most useful. 2. Virtue Ethics I use virtue ethics to solve some moral issues due to the benefit of gaining insight into emotional and personal values in relation to the action. I believe people are emotionally involved in ethical reasoning making virtue ethics a better way to assess whether an action is ethical or not. I find this theory somewhat useful as I believe every situation cannot be branded under absolute rules, as in Kantian Ethics. 3. Kantian Ethics Although Kantian seems like the ‘right’ moral structure to follow it is extremely idealistic and would not necessarily result in good outcomes for me or the greater good of everyone. I think due to it being a rigid system, in certain situations for my moral dilemmas, it could not be used as Kantian ethics does not factor the importance of character and motivation in making ethical judgements. Therefore I dont believe I would assess the ethics of a dilemma accurately, finding this least useful. PART B Socially responsible organisations should aim to minimise their negative impacts, but the fast food industry faces extreme public criticism due to the effects it is having on some main stakeholders; consumers and communities. Fast food consumption is potentially harmful and if businesses adopt Friedmans’ shareholder theory by only focusing on short-term profit goals, the long-term welfare of customers is compromised. For example, Bowman, Gortmaker Ebbeling (2004), indicate that â€Å"energy derived from fast  food is  10% of a childs average recommended daily intake, 5 times more than the 1970’s†. This highlights the need for somebody to not only take responsibility but action. â€Å"Advertisers spend 100s of billions of dollars a year worldwide encouraging, persuading and manipulating children into a consumer lifestyle† (Beder, 1998), leading to devastating consequences. The narrow view by Friedman, where businesses adopt the ‘let the government do it’ theory is criticised as society now has a greater concern for a better quality of life which businesses could help achieve. Supporters of Freeman maintain that fast food corporations have a responsibility to their stakeholders and should acknowledge potential health risks associated with consuming fast food. Highly advertised food corporations should have responsibilities beyond enhancing their profits, because they have great social and economic power in society. This undeniable power discounts Friedman’s theory that the ‘business can’t handle it’. If corporations have such power, they should also take responsibility for its actions in these areas. Nature Neuroscience published a study linking â€Å"effects of fast food to those of addictive substances such as cocaine, heroin and nicotine† (Klein, 2010). If tobacco packaging in many countries legally have to display health warnings due to smoking being addictive, why does fast food packaging not have responsibility to do the same? Businesses who adopt a narrow view on CSR compromise stakeholders welfare. For example, on January 1954 in the US â€Å"main tobacco companies published a statement named ‘A Frank Statement to Cigarette Smokers’ reaching an estimated 43,245,000 Americans† (Cummings, 2002). The advertisement promised consumers that cigarettes were safe and denied all health risks to consumers. This resulted in millions of people dying due to lacking concern stemming from the companies understating health effects in a blind effort to create profit. This scenario could almost determine the future of fast food industries being irresponsible about  marketing to addicted consumers. If major food corporations dont undertake measures to outweigh unhealthy promotion to children and society, they might too face the same consequences.

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay

This Idea Of Sustainable Urban Planning Environmental Sciences Essay The idea of urban planning and policy is to create and help define place within an urban environment. In doing so urban policy can help to construct and craft urban identity via the mechanisms of spatial construct, and the manipulation of activities within that space. Today urban policy making is tasked with providing new mechanisms that enable citizens, planners and policymakers to explore the ways in which we can plan and develop communities that meet the long-term human and environmental needs of our society [Wheeler and Beatly2004, pp 1]. This is the idea of delivering a sustainable city i.e an urban environment that is capable of meeting todays needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs [WCED1987 in Williams et al 2000, pp 3]. Achieving this idea of sustainability in urban planning and policy is not easy. The very idea of sustainability encompasses a broad and extensive range of inter-related issues that continues to challenge ingrained att itudes regarding relationships between culture, nature and governance [Mather 2005 pp 280]. Ebenezer Howards Garden City vision ideal offered a look at how sustainable urban policy may be realized and continues to offer important lessons for our contemporary policy decisions. Garden Cities of Tomorrow: This idea of sustainable urban planning is not a new subject, but is of growing importance in todays society on a global scale. In 1898 Ebenezer Howards Garden Cities of Tomorrow redefined urban planning by offering the first real insight into the ideas of sustainable urban planning and development. One of the single most influential and visionary books in the history of urban planning the Garden City vision outlined a strategy for addressing the problems of the industrial city in a more detailed fashion than had ever been attempted before. So influential was this work that two English garden cities were actually built in the early twentieth century, namely Letchworth and Welwyn, and the concept inspired the British New Town Programme that constructed eleven satellite cities around London between 1940s and 1960s [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The book was seen as a revolutionary breakthrough in how planning is considered in an urban context, as it was the first set of ideas that r eally attempted to balance urban and rural developments. The Garden City concept still offers a vision that can be used to evaluate contemporary urban policy in its attempt to deliver modern sustainable cities on a worldwide scale [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 11]. The Origins of the Garden City: The industrial revolution brought about rapid growth for urban areas, and with this growth a set of new problems for our town and country planners. As more and more people were drawn to urban centres in search of work and a better standard of living, the rapid expansion of our urban populations placed great strain on the infrastructure, housing and resources of our cities, which quickly became overcrowded, unsanitary, expensive and highly polluted and poorly serviced. Coupled with this was the continued fall in wages of our agricultural workforce that prohibited new building and development in our rural areas. These conditions precipitated a devastating cycle of urban migration that simply couldnt be controlled, and many people were faced with making the unfulfilling choice between living in a culturally isolated rural area or giving up nature to live in a city [Nair 2009]. As the industrial revolution continued unplanned, congested, polluted slums jammed with a newly impoverished ur ban proletariat began to characterise and dominate the landscape of nineteenth century industrial cities [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 12]. As cities continued to expand in this fashion, so negative images began to be associated with our urban centres and the suburbs became characterised as a sprawling cancer of bricks spreading out across the British landscape [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 141]. Patterns of Modern Urban Growth: These patterns of growth seen in the UK during the industrial revolution mirror those that we are seeing in countries across the world as the developing nations begin to emerge on worldwide markets. The worlds urban population has more than doubled since 1950 and a recent about the growth of urban populations from the United Nations Population Division notes that half of the worlds population now lives in urban areas, and within the next 30 years, nearly two-thirds of the worlds population will live in urban areas [Rodrigue 2005, Vlahov et al 2007, pp 16]. These patterns of growth precipitate the same problems seen during the industrial revolution in the UK as rapid urbanisation continues to place too great a strain on urban resources. In the developing world, where most of the global urbanisation is to be observed, a large segment of that growth is into slums concentrated areas of disadvantage [Vlahov et al 2007, pp18]. These areas are characterized by lack of basic services, inade quate and often dangerous living environments, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Urban policy needs to start considering how to turn these patterns of urban growth into something that can become sustainable for both our environment, and ensure that the needs of our society are met. Design of the Garden City: In What Ways is it Sustainable? Many have identified Garden Cities as examples of sustainable cities that can continue to offer key lessons for modern urban policy. In order for a city to be considered as a sustainable urban development its principle aims must be to create a user-friendly and resourceful area, not only in terms of its form and energy efficiency, but also its function as a place for living [Elkin et al 1991, pp 12]. Sustainable urban development also requires the achievement of urban development aspirations concerning inter and intra-generational equity via a stock of natural resources that should not be depleted beyond its regenerative capacity [Breheny 1992, pp 1]. From these ideas Smith et al 1998 established a list of sustainable urban principles which included Living off environmental interest rather than capital Acknowledging the idea of environmental thresholds and living within these Developing a sense of equity and social justice Forming inclusive procedures for decision making Howard saw the extreme overcrowding of early industrial cities with its accompanying problems of sanitation, services, pollution and public health as a growing issue of urban design. His Garden City concept was a response to this, with planned communities aimed at relieving both the overcrowding of cities and deprivation in the countryside. Founded with Letchworth, then Hampstead, Bourneville and Port Sunlight, the Garden City was an attempt to create a modern utopia in urban design [Campbell 2010]. Howard believed that creating new balance between city and country in which populations were decentralized into carefully planned new communities in the countryside would help to create a more sustainable urban landscape [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 7]. The Howard vision was for Garden Cities to become self-contained co-operative settlements sustainable urban centres that could create networks of self sufficiency by creating a symbiotic relationship between urban and rural development. Garden Cities were to be defined by a radial planning style, with pre-defined zonation for public parks, private lawns, new forests and agricultural holdings. Commercial, residential and public use areas were to be clearly defined (as shown in figure 1) and wide arching roads and the idea of a radial rail network were incorporated to ease the burden on infrastructural requirements of urban areas. These urban developments were to become more than just a place to house a growing populous. They were to d esigned to be viable economic communities where industry, public buildings and housing would be carefully planned to create an environment on a human scale, where the built environment would be balanced with the natural [architecture.com]. Figure 1: Howards outline for an ideal Garden City [From Garden Cities of Tomorrow Howard 1902 Source: RIBA British Architectural Library]. When evaluating the design on this Garden City vision in relation to todays urban policy framework, it is clear where the ideas of sustainability are found. Howards vision incorporates vast areas of green space both landscaped for recreational use, and set aside for agricultural practices. Green spaces like these can be seen as both a social advantage but they are also invaluable carbon sinks in moving towards sustainable urban policy. Surrounded farmland creates an automatic market for local agriculture, which can be significantly more sustainable than conventional agriculture given its low transport emissions [Campbell 2010]. Pedestrian friendly cities, encouraging an increased focus on social conditions and a respect for our natural environment is a fairly modern approach to sustainable urban planning. Howards objective, in short was to raise the standard of health and comfort of all true workers of whatever grade the means by which these objects are to be achieved being a healt hy, natural, and economic combination of town and country life, and this on land owned by the municipality. His ideas received worldwide acclaim, with developments created in the UK, South Africa, the USA, and in Germany where the steel company Krupp, concerned about the low morals of badly housed workers, built the garden village of Margrethenhohe [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Sustainable Development in Modern Urban Planning and Policy: The broad aims of sustainable development are now central to urban planning and public policy [Batty 2006, pp 29]. For the first 70 years on the twentieth century the designs and master plans for our modernist cities were focused on new development. Urban planning was focused on starting fresh building new cities stripped of the chaos of the nineteenth century city and the dull provincialism associated with Howards Garden City [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 105]. The Garden Cities were defined by their spatial zoning patterns with different areas designated different land uses (as shown in Figure 1). Current patterns of urban planning appear to be moving away from this approach as it became more considered that the most effective solution to achieving sustainable urban form was the implementation of the compact city idea. The compact city advocates the use of high-density mixed use urban form. Many planners preferential use of this urban form is attributed to the perceived advantage s of mix-use planning such as conservation of green-belt areas, reduction in commuter distances and the associated effects of reduced emissions, more efficient infrastructure and utility provision, and the revitalisation and regeneration of inner urban areas [Williams et al 2000, pp 19]. In essence many urban planners adopt and create mixed use developments in order to better achieve a long terms economic stability and to add to an areas vitality and vibrancy that could perhaps not be achieved with single use spatially defined development. There are obvious advantages to this approach when evaluated against the Garden City idea. Firstly there is a better use of brownfield development preserving Greenfield sites and protecting these areas from the threat of urban development. As a result of the growing importance of a sustainable approach to urban policy, brownfield sites have quickly become the key strategic target for meeting housing and development needs across our urban regions by re-using previously developed land. This was further emphasised by Planning and Policy Guidance Note 3 (2000), which set a target for local authorities of building 60% of new housing on brownfield sites [Jones and Evans 2008, pp 5]. Many urban policy makers would consider that new communities based on Greenfield development, show little regard to the long-term environmental impacts. The impacts of losing that land to urban development, as well sourcing materials, maintaining buildings, the environmental impact of the building itself, infr astructural developments is not really thoroughly built into the costs to our natural environment. In the wider view, however, the question of urban form is much more than simple density and brown/green choices it is about the spatial structure of human activities [Williams et al 2000, pp 255]. Garden Cities Lessons for Future Urban Policies: The Garden City style was cautious, pragmatic and designed to appear reasonable to the average citizen [Wheeler and Beatley 2004, pp 12]. Though Howards search for a balance between city and country life is still central to sustainable communities, the emphasis has shifted in many developed nations. Instead of the extreme dense nineteenth century city with a frequent shortage of decent housing, clean water, and basic sanitation, we now have relatively low-density, automobile-dependent suburbs with a much higher quality of housing and infrastructure but with many other problems [Howard and Beatly 2004, pp 12]. Even in developing countries the pragmatic application of the Garden City idea needs to be called into question. Howards garden settlements were based on the development of very low density housing. In his work Howard cites that the ideal population size for his new Garden Cities was to be 32,000 on a site of 6000 acres of available cheap rural land. Of this acreage 1000 acres w ould be reserved for the city itself, which would be surrounded by another 5,000 acres of green-belt farmland [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp72]. These figures today are clearly not sustainable, however many overlook Howards vision of emerging social cities linked Garden Cities in a multi-centred metropolis interwoven with green space. This is shown in figure 2 which shows a central town of 58,000 is shown surrounded by six garden cities around its circumference, each with 32,000, providing a city of 250,000 people [Haughton and Hunter 2004, pp 72]. . Figure 2: The Garden City Complex from Garden Cities of Tomorrow: Taken from http://humanitieslab.stanford.edu/UrbanSustainability/943 Highlighted in both figure 1 and 2 is Howards idea of concentric road and rail networks. This idea is seen extensively in modern urban planning, where congestion problems are often eased via ring-road development. These have become an important attribute of the spatial structures of cities, notably in North America [Rodrigue 2005]. Howard was also interested in more than just the physical plans of a city; he also wanted to develop an urban centre where the shared ownership of land was encouraged. Howard wanted the Garden City to be socially, economically, as well as ecologically sustainable [Giradet 1996, pp 54]. While this idea had many merits, these ideas were formulated before cars became widespread and its implications understood. It also came before the huge wave of twentieth-century suburbinization turned Howards garden city idea into much-simplified garden suburbs and created a whole new set of development problems in the process. In recent years the presumption is for high de nsity and brown field development to be used as a sustainable model. Despite the sustainable ideas of the Garden City model did not quite created the modern urban utopia Howard had envisaged. Welwyn Garden City today is a city of 100,000 people and is considered as a Garden City of form rather than function. It serves mainly as a commuter city for London, and its agricultural belt never became a reality [Girardet 1996, pp 54]. Though not realised in its entirety the Garden City concept, of creating a spacious city in the garden has not been forgotten, and there is a strong continued desire to re-instate the countryside in inner cities in the hope of attracting people back to the city centre and to allow those who wish to do so to migrate to new purpose built garden cities, constructed on Greenfield sites [Giradet 1996, pp 170]. More importantly a lot of the ideas are coming from the urban community itself. The concept of urban permaculture (long-term crop growing in the city) has be come fashionable in countries such as Australia, the USA and Germany and there is a growing trend in maintaining sustainable lifestyles within our urban environments [Giradet 1996, pp 138]. Conclusions: The British Garden City experiments were hugely influential policy-expressions of concerns over the problems of large cities during the Industrial revolution [Haughton and Hunter, 2004, pp 73]. The rise of congested and unsanitary urban environments became of great concern, and urban planning became preoccupied with trying to develop ways of making urban development sustainable. Ebenezer Howard was revolutionary in this idea of sustainable growth. He envisioned humane, social, Garden Cities surrounded by greenbelts, encapsulating the idea of a new balance between our cities and our natural environments. These sorts of visionary or utopian writings help expand the framework of permissible ideas for a generation or more. Although mainstream thinkers tend to scorn idealism of all sorts, it has often been extremely influential and successful [Wheeler and Beatly 2004, pp 278]. So successful were the ideas and visions of Howards Garden Cities he lived to see several of them built, and thou gh his ideas never quite materialised beyond this time, his ideas about developing sustainable communities are should still be considered as the foundation of urban policy and planning today. Howard defines the mainstream of utopian tradition. His utopian vision may not have been realised in its entirety, but each had influence on the way contemporary cities, and city life, developed in the twentieth century [LeGates and Stout 2007, pp 300]. The question now, as at the turn of the nineteenth century, remains how to rethink this balance and achieve sustainable city development. The Garden City model, if re-applied in a modern context, could go a long way in helping urban policy makers achieve this goal.