The Importance of Public Speaking Skills in University...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Authorisation 1 1.2 Limitations 1 1.3 Scope and Methodology 1 2.0 Outline of Public Speaking and the link to university lecturing 1 3.0 Preparation 1 3.1 Explanation of the preparation stage 1 3.2 Analyse Benefits 2 4.0 Visual aids 2 4.1 Explanation of visual aids 2 4.2 Analyse Benefits 2 5.0 Nonverbal 3 5.1 Explanation of nonverbal communication 3 5.2 Analyse Benefits 3 6.0 Challenges to incorporating preparation, visual aids and nonverbal skills in university lecturing 3 Reference List 3 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Authorisation This report is authorised by Dr Gregory Nash, COR109 Lecturer and Course Coordinator at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. The purpose of this report was to make recommendations for incorporating specific public speaking skills into university lecturing. 1.2 Limitations This report is limited to the field of university lecturing, the communication topic of public speaking and the sub topics of preparation, visual aids and nonverbal skills. 1.3 Scope and Methodology This report identifies and assesses the importance of effective presentations in the field of education and more specifically university lecturing. Public speaking is defined and the benefits and challenges of the sub-topics preparation, visual aids and nonverbal skills are systematically analysed. Peer reviewed academic sources have been used to provide verified experimental dataShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Decline Of University Attendance Rates And Assess The Factors That Positively Influence Lecture Attendance1593 Words   |  7 PagesTopic 1: Student behaviour: To attend or not to attend? I. 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Memory Processses Essay examples - 1268 Words

Memory Processes The human capacity for memory is unknown, and the process for remembering is an invisible, and therefore, an unsubstantiated concept. A discussion regarding the concepts of short-term, working, and long-term memory precedes an explanation of the encoding and retrieval in the memory processes. An evaluation of the variables associated with encoding and retrieval provides an understanding of the results from an online self-administered memory test. Although online memory assessments provide an entertaining experience, the concept of memory and the factors influencing memory are too complex to depend on such assessments and individuals questioning their memory related abilities should seek the guidance of a health†¦show more content†¦In addition, Wang, Vijayraghavan, Goldman-Rakic, (2004) further established the prefrontal cortex as the location of working memory using neuroimaging to assert the engagement of prefrontal neurons when primates conducted working memory related ta sks. Short-term memory has significant limitations in both rate of forgetting (duration) and memory span (number of items the individual can remember). Humans use short-term memory to hold pieces of information for relatively short periods. Without rehearsal, the information is quickly lost and irretrievable. In fact, without rehearsal, information is forgotten within 30 seconds, and memory span for the average person is about 7 items or a phone number without the area code (Terry, 2009). That does not mean it is impossible to retain a phone number with and area code in short-term memory. Other factors influence short-term and working memory. The speed at which the individual can pronounce and retrieve the list of items is influential in the number of items he or she can hold in short-term memory (Cowan, Wood, Wood, Keller, Nugent, Keller, 1998). Humans can also use chunking to expand their ability to retain information. For example, the individual may hold a phone number in short-term as 800-436-40-83. This use of the area code and first three digits as a single item makeShow MoreRelatedAmmonium Sulfate From Waste Water3280 Words   |  14 Pages2.1.4. Reverse Osmosis 7 2.2. Recuperation of ammonium sulfate from the concentrates 8 2.2.1. Vanishing Ponds 8 2.2.2. Precipitation strategy 8 2.2.3. Crystallization strategy 9 2.3 Winterization process 10 3.0DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDED PROCESSSES 10 3.1 Removal of ammonium sulfate processes 10 3.1.1 Reverse Osmosis Process 11 3.1.2 Ion Exchange process 12 3.2 Ammonium Sulfate Recovery - Crystallization Process 14 4. MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE: 14 4.1 Reverse Osmosis 14 4.3.1 Regeneration of

Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates Free Essays

string(50) " spectator and the Hollywood stars she discusses\." Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates Since the dawn of time, society has always had its own stars that multitudes of people look up to as idols. Today, most of the stars that people flock to are famous people within the entertainment business, most notably actors and actresses. Movie stars have been consumed by the public’s eye ever since the film industry took off in the early 1900s. We will write a custom essay sample on Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are certain movie stars that transcend time, and lately, people do whatever they can to find out as much as they can of these stars to reveal who they truly are outside of being in front of a camera. However, some critics of the Mass Culture Debates do find holes in the star system we have today. The critics feel as if the culture of these stars are becoming very standardized, which is greatly affecting the culture of people watching them. To demonstrate my point, I will be discussing how Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer oppose the arguments made about star figures in Richard Dyer’s essay, â€Å"Living Stars. † I will also explain how Dwight MacDonald takes a very similar stance against Jackie Stacy’s â€Å"Feminine Fascinations: Forms of Identification in Star-Audience Relations. Finally, I will finish off by explain how critic David Riseman seeks to mediate the Mass Culture critics’ arguments and take the side of Dyer and Stacy. If Adorno and Horkheimer were to read Richard Dyer’s â€Å"Living Stars† and dissect it, they would feel that movie stars today aren’t original in that they use a very scripted formula to attract themse lves to the masses, which is why they become popular in the first place. Throughout his essay, Dyer explains that star figures are representations, like myths, who serve to resolve many of society’s vital binary oppositions. He goes on to explain this point by saying, â€Å"The private self is further represented through a set of oppositions that stem from the division of the world into private and public spaces, a way of organizing space that in turn relates to the idea of the separability of the individual and society. † (FSR 130) His primary opposition for which he discusses stars and their relationship to the public eye is stars portraying their private selves versus their public serves. Public stars control themselves on screen, and maintain great poise and try not to display their emotions to readily, because they want to keep a ophisticated image of themselves; whereas private stars are much more intense and introverted, they aren’t afraid to express their emotions and show who they truly are behind close doors. Martin Scorsese’s film The Aviator serves to depict the private and public image of real life filmmaker and aviation pioneer Howard Hughes. To the public, Hughes becam e a larger than life star in directing Hell’s Angels and purchasing a major airline of the time. However, his mental health soon began to crumble when his Obsessive Compulsive Disorder began affecting both private and public facets of his life. Eventually, Hughes comes a point where he locks himself in his house and slips into a deep depression. As a result of Hughes manic behavior, Adorno and Horkheimer would believe that if Hughes’ private behavior were to ever leak out into the public spectrum, his image would be forever tarnished because the Howard Hughes behind closed doors is not the same man who became a superstar director. One of the primary arguments Adorno and Horkheimer have with mass culture is that they feel that culture itself is becoming too standardized based upon formulas to streamline mass reproduction. When profitable, these formulas can become reproducible, like the star system of today. â€Å"Not only are the hit songs, stars, and soap operas cyclically recurrent and rigidly invariable types, but the specific content of the entertainment itself is derived from them and only appears in change. † (FSR 9) It is as if they feel like nothing is original anymore and that everything is scripted and painted with this formula that works for the system to get the masses interested in a particular artist, song, show, movie, or in Dyer’s case, a movie star. Take for example Bette Davis, who in her films displays a very mannered style and grace under pressure. She usually plays very strong, independent, manipulative characters who have a solid surface disguised by an internal inferno. So when someone may want to see the latest Bette Davis movie, they may not like it if she plays in the style of a goodie goodie housewife just like all the typical housewives seen in such 1950s sitcoms as Father Knows Best and Leave It To Beaver. People are going to want to have her display some internal conflict she is constantly struggling with but in the end, over powers it because of her strong will and female empowerment. This same principle goes for Howard Hughes and his image. People want to see the Howard Hughes that is a public sensation, a brilliant filmmaker, a man with a taste for beautiful women. Nobody wants to see him in a depressed state locking himself in his house, because that will deter people’s images of him and less people will go out to see his movies. This plays into Adorno and Horkheimer’s idea of these formulas becoming reproducible and how this type of consumerism the individual plays can create the illusion of individual identity and authentic community. They feel like stars like David and Hughes have become statistics based on their genres they play best rather than recognized as individuals with creative freedom over their work. Just as Adorno and Horkheimer would have a problem with Richard Dyer’s essay, Dwight MacDonald has many of the same qualms with Jackie Stacey’s views of seeing movie stars as idols we should strive to be someday. In her essay, â€Å"Feminine Fascinations: Forms of Identification in Star-Audience Relations,† Stacey analyzes the relationship between the female spectator and the Hollywood stars she discusses. You read "Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates" in category "Papers" In her discussion of imitating and copying the female stars, the female spectators often try to emulate either the stars looks or personas to try and be just like them, and in turn want others to think they are just like the star. Stacey explains that, â€Å"Stars are thus identified with particular commodities which are part of the reproduction of feminine identities. The female spectators in these examples produce particular images of femininity which remind them of their favorite stars. In so doing they produce a new feminine identity, one which combines an aspect of the star with their own appearance. † (FSR 153) It seems that Stacey is pointing out that these particular stars are consumable feminine images which female spectators then reproduce through other forms of consumption. Not only do these stars try to solve the binary oppositions of private self and public self as Dyer mentions, they are meant to be consumed by an audience as role models. Both seem to agree on the fact that stars fill some voids in people’s lives. We try to see ourselves as these very public figures and emulate every facet of their lives to try and improve our lives as a whole. Dyer’s and Stacey’s arguments also share many direct correlations with David Buxton’s article, â€Å"Rock Music, The Star System, And The Rise Of Consumerism. † In it, Buxton talks about how rock stars are being consumed by youth culture everywhere in that the youth are trying to replicate the stars’ styles and attitudes. He explains that, â€Å"The presentation of the life-style of the stars as the ideal of sophisticated modern living grew as part of the American Dream. † (OR 432) This proves that the idolization of stars is not a new concept that was originally thought up of by any of these three writers. Dwight MacDonald, however, does have a problem with the standardization of this process and how our culture is heading in the wrong direction as a result of this. Dwight MacDonald wrote an essay entitled, â€Å"A Theory of Mass Culture,† in which he explains that elements of mass culture and high culture are starting to merge and become standardized. MacDonald uses the merging of Broadway and the movies as an example of this by saying, â€Å"The theatre was High Culture, mostly of the Academic variety†¦ The movies were definitely Mass Culture, mostly very bad†¦ With the sound film, Broadway and Hollywood drew closer together. Plays are now produced mainly to sell the movie rights, with many being directly financed by the film companies. (FSR 15) One specific example of this can be found in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Though the themes of Shakespeare’s story are still in the movie version, Luhrmann blends high art and folk art to make a midcult style movie by placing the setting in present day South Central Los Angeles. MacDonald fears this type of media renders people passive by the end, and is one o f the greatest threats to high culture. In MacDonald’s opinion, as our lives become inundated with midcult such as Romeo and Juliet, the reality of consumerism becomes naturalized. In essence, the heroes and heroines of masscult and midcult that MacDonald speaks of become idols of consumption, mainly movie stars. Stacey explains how female stars such as Bette Davis and Joan Crawford are meant to be consumed by the public because those are the actresses that women most frequently hear about, and want to live just like them because they are classy ladies who are real role models of how one woman should act in society. Based on MacDonald’s argument, the branding and consuming of stars oday represents a demise in our society’s high culture in that these shouldn’t be the people we should be idolizing. The real people that should be getting the praise are the people who changed our country to make life better for everyone in the end, like Thomas Edison and Benjamin Franklin. Using stars to fill the voids in our lives to solve key oppositions to MacDonald are detrimental to our high culture, which is what we really need to be praising instead all of the new media and stars that’ve become mainstream, like Jersey Shore and Teen Mom. Even though the left wing critics could have many potential problems with the star system of the past and of today, liberal sociologist David Riseman does present some points that could easily counter Adorno, Horkheimer, and MacDonald’s arguments. Riseman insists that mass culture consists of multiple forms of response by audiences. He believes everyone reacts differently to different forms of media and that no one is the same. The formulas that the left wing critics think is ultimately destroying high culture do not exist in Riseman’s opinion. Even though some people may want certain stars to stick to their formula, some may like to see those artists branch out and explore new fields. The stars that people ultimately consume and strive to become are all different for each individual. Buxton, Dyer, and Stacey don’t say that people only idolize the stars that they talk about. Riseman also argues that audiences of high art want to find their own kitsch in what they consider high culture, just like mass culture audiences want to see their own kitsch in their forms of entertainment. OR 7) He seems to think that Adorno, Horkheimer, and MacDonald have their own ideas of what high culture needs to be, which in the end, becomes something that is copied and will soon generate the same response. For anything negative that the left wing critics might say towards Dyer and Stacey’s arguments, Riseman is there to back up there arguments to prove that their theories are valid after all. It is very apparent that the issue of the Mass Culture Debates has been around for quite some time. So much so, that you can readily apply them to many different aspects of life, including the star system in Hollywood. There always have been and always will be movie stars or musicians that we enjoy and like to go see because they are good at their craft. Dyer, Stacey, and Buxton are just like every other person out there who ca truly see the effect that stars can have on society and the crazy things that people will do to try and copy their methods. Whether or not the Star System is good or detrimental to mass culture like Adorno, Horkheimer, and MacDonald seem to believe, as long as stars continue to make the industry interesting, critics will continue to discuss their methods and an on-going will last for many generations to come. Bibliography Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section One: Political Economy and Mass Culture Theory. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 9. Print. Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section One: Political Economy and Mass Culture Theory. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 15. Print. Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section Four: Star Studies. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 130. Print. Hollows, Joanne, Peter Hutchings, and Mark Jancovich. â€Å"Section Four: Star Studies. † The Film Studies Reader. London: Arnold, 2000. 153. Print. Frith, Simon, and Andrew Goodwin. â€Å"Part One: Groundworks. † On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word. New York: Pantheon, 1990. 7. Print. Frith, Simon, and Andrew Goodwin. â€Å"Part Seven: Reading The Stars. † On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word. New York: Pantheon, 1990. 432. Print. How to cite Star Studies and the Mass Culture Debates, Papers

Starbucks Australia Market Analysis-Segmentation & Demographics

Question Find a product of two examples in your country or region, or from your own reading. the products of the companies should be mainly a service and good respectively. a) explain how the example businesses have segmented the market for its major product and what its marketing mix strategies are? b) if you were the marketing manager involved, what part of (a) would you do the same and what would you do differently? why? Answer: About Starbucks: Starbucks as well as Costa coffee both are amongst top-ranked coffee shop which also has gained vast appreciation through their aimed and targeted marketplace. They have proper aim of supplying higher quality beverage goods chiefly coffee at premium prices with the rich experience which would enhance customers knowledge in outlets. The firms also have capitalized all their positioning within market through developing the outlets which are furnished along with the premium quality furniture which would be comfortable for consumers with supporting facilities like music and facilities for internet as well as handicapped admittance so that customers are supplied a complete excellent experience in stores. These firms have also successfully made their position like best place intended for meeting people except office plus home (Hadjinicola, Charalambous and Muller, 2013). The mere way towards entering novel markets also is to execute that similar international marketing strategy which the c ompanies also have been subsequent for every of its extension plan. Thus, they must also slowly enter markets of the Trinidad Tobago for the customers to enter the area accept concept of field coffee shops as well as carry an excellent understanding in coffee shop. Starbucks as well as Costa Coffee were both initiated as a very small shop for coffee and also have totally revamped the image through growing into single coffee retailer intended for people who actually want specialty coffees. Segmentation It is procedure by which any market is actually divided into separate groups of users with dissimilar needs, wants and demands. Presently, both Starbucks and even Costa coffee in Trinidad and Tobago are utilizing psychographic segmentation and target their users on the basis of values, opinions and lifestyle as well as personal characteristics. Within extra competitive market, the firms must try to properly diversify by source of appropriate demographic segmentation within which the firms could section its market on the basis of age, education as well as occupation. Starbucks as well as Costa coffee must also try towards appealing younger generation that goes to colleges as well as universities. Additionally, couples aged amid 25-55 through children could also be a good target market for the firms where whole family could indulge within sole experience and knowledge (Kotler, 1964). These segmentation plans and strategies could also increase customer base intended for both the firms. Demographic- The firms target its market on basis of age, sex and also divides the target market according to the demography on basis of variables like age, gender and even occupation as well as education level. Like the firms tries to attract people going to schools and colleges and even working professionals who like to spend behind meeting friends at luxurious places and in relaxing ecology.As per perceived advantages which the products provide the firm segments people who demand for exotic coffee and exclusive bread products. Benefits might also be perceived in a different way depending upon a users stage within life cycle. Psychographic Segmentation- This type of segmentation is done by both the firms where they divide the market as per theLifestyle of human beings using the goods and services of the firms. The firms measure this by studying activities, interests, as well as opinions of the customers. Both the companies also consider the way in which people expend their free time as well as which outside influences they also are mainly responsive to plus influenced by. This segmentation is greatly important for these firms as it supplies products that are expensive and exclusive and also unique (Gronroos, 1994). The actual target segment of the firms can be explained as: Age: 18 to 40 years Gender: Male as well as Female Occupation: on the basis of life-stage yet majority of students and faculty members plus managers, housewife as well as business person Lifestyle: daring, Fun-loving, socializing, Value exceptional customer service, Achievers, Thinkers, Innovators plus Experienced people Income level: on the basis of life stage yet slightly upon higher range Technology: People that are technology confident come to coffee shop in order to carry on their vital work plus love to use tablets, iPad, Mac etc. Targeting Targeting indulges making proper decision related to prioritization of the segments of the market for Starbucks as well as for Costa coffee increasing their total future share of the market. These firms must also continue towards targeting with all its psychographic segmentation through help of discrimination by supplying extra value to users (Charny and Farrow, 1986). Further, the companies also use proper customized targeting towards attracting the young generation using all proper attractive childrens foods and fruit drinks as well as milkshakes. Additionally, the firms include innovative and new energy drinks to the target youth. The firms also use competitive discrimination strategies for drawing customers to them other than towards their other competitors. Positioning Positioning is related to the way in which Starbucks and also Costa coffee products actually are perceived by all of its users and customers. Starbucks products also have forever been perceived through its impressive brand image (Alpert and Gatty, 1969). And costa coffee has always been expensive brand for users. Users here like to pay any price even a premium one for quality, reliable taste, ambience as well as accessibility towards the goods and services it provides to the users. While expanding their product line by introduction of the all novel fruit drinks as well as energy drinks intended for younger generation, the firm retains their greater quality as well as is ecologically friendly, because these are the aspects which youth are particularly aware of. Additionally, offering greater quality goods at their present price variety also helps the firms to enhance sales plus also keep users satisfied with quality as well as value. Marketing Mix Product- To be proper premium product within coffee trade, the firms aim at higher standards, opening of pioneering products as well as providing outstanding service collective with memorable experience. Both the firms products and their mixes prolonged from 8 vital categories of the drink types as well as 7 food categories to maintain with momentum plus to satisfy extra customer needs and requirements. They also have been continually introducing novel products, like four fresh VIA flavored coffees and tiresome towards attracting the tea drinkers through introducing all new Tazo Tea. Recognizing the customer detailed needs the firm also introduces fatless milk to its product line. They also have many seasonal offerings like strawberry and cream Frappuccino within summer plus gingerbread latte within Christmas. Going beyond, they even offer coffee as well as cappuccino makers intended for users who also like to buy them from any stores of these two firms (Matsumura and M atsushima, n.d.). To make sure that brand richness, above and beyond bringing best ingredients as well as quality management, they declare that all firms employees are regularly involved plus aware of all its total mission as well as aims and objectives. Price Generally price plus quality recognizes the exact value of product. Both the firms have forever tried to supply higher value to its consumers through buying superiority beans, making sure that all their employees get effective as well as efficient training, plus mostly, creating the ecology to enjoy the coffee in a relaxing atmosphere. For all this, the firms customer need to pay extra; it also is expensive. To maintain competitive edge, firms also started to offer about $1 for bottomless coffee cup, that could also be replenished anytime and also 50 cents which is less than other goods of these firms. As both the firms news site says that firms are even trying to apply some other services that are value added like, introducing some "breakfast pairings," that includes breakfast goods with coffee. This is also for targeting price aware customers. In Trinidad and Tobago, by the local standards, the firms are very luxury ones. They also never liked to decrease prices for the market even when they initiated. Coffee is also not grown within China at very large scales as a minimum not Arabica beans. Thus the rates are also high and is not affordable for common people. Place Mostly the firms are involved in channels intended for direct supply which is from producer to the consumer. Along with Starbucks as well as Costa coffees line of idea all such practice also is vital and even helps to maintain a personal relation with customer. In Trinidad and Tobago, particularly the firms could be found within any locality where a potential higher traffic exists for all their outlets particularly with the Coffee bar idea. Outlets could also be seen in many large chains. The main goal of both the firms is to position themselves in extremely visible locations as well as open stores in groups. It also was ideal place intended for individuals that are active and ones who enjoy the music otherwise even search for any break within busy life (Robinson, 1988). In Trinidad and Tobago this actually was very difficult task. Although stores carried same characteristics like in US, this market was a culture focused and also had unenthusiastic reactions towards the coffee, they also had to put their outlets in extra exposed areas like Beijing, where regional people also were exposed towards foreign rudiments compared to the suburbs. Promotion Their vital strategy also was not about spending money vastly upon advertising. Instead, the firms used more and more cash upon acquiring best spots. Prior to opening of novel stores, both the companies also organized vast community measures highlighting every areas personality like Community service. Further all such data were also imprinted upon the mugs as well as t-shirts for proper promotion activities. They even established the smart partnerships along with already understood regional representatives that acted like local ambassadors towards promoting their brands. They even introduced cards of company; aiming all their appreciated customers towards promoting their goods. While purchasing a proper gift card, customer not merely showed brand loyalty, yet this even provided free promotion, attracting novel customers. Current Strategy After proper analysis of the marketing tactics it is known that Starbucks plus Costa coffee in reality are following proper differentiation strategy. Initially, vital element of the businesses actions were focused strategy along with very strong stress upon creating discriminated goods within target customer market. Moreover, the firms have realized that this also needs to reinforce its position within market through developing a delineation strategy as well as success of the firms is apparent from fact which it has urbanized an admirable marketing mix intended for all their users and consumers. For expanding their functions in global market, the firms offer same experience towards global customers through supplying them finest quality goods and aesthetically intended ambiance. They have also made sure that there exist uniformity within all of their marketing actions through using merely third party standard for supporting their goods as well as service offerings (Wang, 1997). A key rudiment of proper differentiation strategy always has been to introduce novel plus innovative products within market as well as Starbucks and even Costa coffee also have been greater than their consumers expectations through offering them goods that were completely different from obtainable ones. Recommendations The firms named Costa coffee as well as Starbucks were intending to serve new segment in Trinidad Tobago, they actually needs to make sure that they get into market through following similar strategy for all segments which they have always followed in every of their global expansion projects. While taking into consideration all marketing strategies, a proper PESTEL analysis as well as SWOT of the market needs to be done and then decisions are to be taken. The firms need to open new outlets within Trinidad Tobago. The firms also need to introduce some novel products related to beverages plus fast food substances in outlets. Starbucks and even Costa coffee should try to open new outlets in each Trinidad Tobago with intention of imprisoning 10% share of the market For successfully attaining market, marketing strategies as well as programs which need to be implemented within respective novel markets are the following: During the first year in Trinidad Tobago, firms need to organize proper promotion events through which people of locality will be then asked to call venue as well as interact with the workforce. On all the outlets, users must be provided some discount on purchase of beverages as well as on revisits. Advertisements would also be done as in forms of billboards plus posters with interleave with regional newspapers in order to attract extra customers to these outlets. References Alpert, L. and Gatty, R. (1969). Product Positioning by Behavioral Life-Styles. Journal of Marketing, 33(2), p.65. Charny, M. and Farrow, S. (1986). Risk targetting: an approach to costcontainment. 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